{"slug":"cbse-class-10-social-science-development","title":"Development","description":"Different notions of development, income and other indicators, the Human Development Report, and sustainability.","board":"CBSE","grade":"Class 10","subject":"Social Science","chapter":"Development","url":"https://www.flipnlearn.app/deck/cbse-class-10-social-science-development","studyUrl":"https://www.flipnlearn.app/deck/cbse-class-10-social-science-development/study","cards":[{"id":"why-people-have-different-development-goals","kind":"concept-question","front":"Why do different people have different, and sometimes conflicting, notions of development?","back":"People's life situations differ, so each seeks what fulfils their own aspirations. What is development for one may even harm another: industrialists may want big dams for power, while displaced tribals prefer small check dams or tanks."},{"id":"development-goals-beyond-income","kind":"concept-question","front":"Besides more income, what other goals do people seek from development?","back":"Equal treatment, freedom, security and respect from others, and freedom from discrimination. Quality of life also depends on such non-material things; a lower-paying but secure job, or a safe environment that lets women work, can matter as much as income."},{"id":"national-development","kind":"concept-question","front":"What questions does thinking about national development involve?","back":"Since people have different and conflicting ideas about a country's development, it means asking which ideas matter most, how conflicts should be settled, what path is fair and just for all, whether there is a better way, and whether an idea benefits many people or only a small group."},{"id":"per-capita-income-formula","kind":"formula","front":"Per capita (average) income of a country","back":"Per capita income = total income of the country ÷ total population of the country."},{"id":"why-per-capita-not-total-income","kind":"concept-question","front":"Why is per capita income, not total income, used to compare countries?","back":"Countries have different populations, so comparing total income does not show what an average person is likely to earn. Dividing total income by population gives the average income, which lets us judge whether people in one country are better off than in another."},{"id":"world-bank-classification-of-countries","kind":"concept-question","front":"What criterion does the World Bank use to classify countries, and what is its limitation?","back":"Per capita income: in 2024, countries with about US$ 66,500 or more a year were high-income or rich, and those with about US$ 2,300 or less were low-income; India is lower-middle income. Its limitation is that average income hides how income is distributed among people."},{"id":"limitation-of-averages","kind":"concept-question","front":"Why can average income be misleading when comparing two countries?","back":"Two countries can have the same average income while one shares it fairly and the other has most people poor and one person extremely rich. The average is useful for comparison but does not tell us how income is distributed."},{"id":"infant-mortality-rate","kind":"term-definition","front":"Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)","back":"The number of children who die before the age of one year, per 1,000 live children born in that particular year."},{"id":"literacy-rate","kind":"term-definition","front":"Literacy rate","back":"The proportion of literate people in the population aged 7 years and above."},{"id":"net-attendance-ratio","kind":"term-definition","front":"Net Attendance Ratio","back":"The total number of children aged 15-17 attending school, expressed as a percentage of all children in that age group."},{"id":"why-kerala-ranks-above-haryana-despite-lower-income","kind":"concept-question","front":"Why does Kerala do better than Haryana on infant mortality even though Haryana has higher per capita income?","back":"Money in your pocket cannot buy everything needed to live well. Kerala has adequate basic health and education facilities provided publicly, so its IMR is far lower (6 against Haryana's 28 per 1,000 births). Income alone is not a complete indicator of development."},{"id":"why-collective-provision-of-public-facilities","kind":"concept-question","front":"Why are many important goods and services best provided collectively rather than bought individually?","back":"Income cannot buy a pollution-free environment, unadulterated medicines or protection from infectious disease unless the whole community acts. For many essentials, such as security, schools, healthcare and a working PDS, collective provision is both the best and the cheapest way."},{"id":"body-mass-index-formula","kind":"formula","front":"Body Mass Index (BMI)","back":"BMI = weight in kilograms ÷ (height in metres)². The result is compared with BMI-for-age tables to see whether a person is in the normal range, underweight (undernourished) or overweight."},{"id":"human-development-report","kind":"term-definition","front":"Human Development Report","back":"A report published by the UNDP that compares countries on the educational levels of their people, their health status and per capita income, and ranks them on the Human Development Index (HDI)."},{"id":"undp-vs-world-bank-criterion","kind":"concept-question","front":"How does the UNDP's criterion for measuring development differ from the World Bank's?","back":"The World Bank classifies countries by per capita income alone. The UNDP's Human Development Report uses health (life expectancy) and education (years of schooling) along with per capita income, because what matters most is the health and well-being of the people."},{"id":"life-expectancy-at-birth","kind":"term-definition","front":"Life expectancy at birth","back":"The number of years a newborn baby can, on average, be expected to live."},{"id":"india-vs-neighbours-on-hdi","kind":"concept-question","front":"What does comparing India with its neighbours on the Human Development Report show?","back":"Sri Lanka, a small neighbour, is well ahead of India on every indicator, while Nepal and Bangladesh have lower per capita income than India but better life expectancy. Higher income does not automatically mean better human development."},{"id":"purchasing-power-parity","kind":"term-definition","front":"Per capita income in PPP dollars","back":"Per capita income converted into dollars for every country in a way that equalises purchasing power: one dollar is taken to buy the same basket of goods and services everywhere. This makes incomes across countries fairly comparable."},{"id":"why-sustainability-matters-for-development","kind":"concept-question","front":"Why has sustainability become essential for development?","back":"Scientists warn that present levels and patterns of development cannot last. Resources are being overused or exhausted, which would stop development being maintained for future generations. Environmental damage also crosses national and state boundaries, so everyone's future is linked."},{"id":"overuse-of-groundwater","kind":"concept-question","front":"How does the overuse of groundwater show that present development is unsustainable?","back":"Groundwater is renewable but is overused when we draw more than rain replenishes. About 300 districts saw water levels fall by over 4 metres in 20 years, and a third of the country overuses its reserves, especially Punjab, western UP, hard-rock plateaus, coastal areas and growing cities."},{"id":"renewable-vs-non-renewable-resources","kind":"term-definition","front":"Renewable vs non-renewable resources","back":"Renewable resources, such as groundwater, crops and plants, are replenished by nature, though they can still be overused. Non-renewable resources, such as crude oil, have a fixed stock that will be exhausted after use; new discoveries add to the stock only temporarily."},{"id":"crude-oil-and-sustainability","kind":"concept-question","front":"Why is crude oil a concern for the sustainability of development, especially for India?","back":"At present extraction rates, world crude oil reserves will last only about 50 more years. India lacks enough stock of its own and must import oil, so any rise in oil prices becomes a burden on everyone."}]}