{"slug":"cbse-class-10-social-science-forest-and-wildlife-resources","title":"Forest and Wildlife Resources","description":"Biodiversity, why and how India conserves forests and wildlife, forest categories, and community conservation.","board":"CBSE","grade":"Class 10","subject":"Social Science","chapter":"Forest and Wildlife Resources","url":"https://www.flipnlearn.app/deck/cbse-class-10-social-science-forest-and-wildlife-resources","studyUrl":"https://www.flipnlearn.app/deck/cbse-class-10-social-science-forest-and-wildlife-resources/study","cards":[{"id":"biodiversity","kind":"term-definition","front":"Biodiversity","back":"The variety of wild and cultivated living species, differing in form and function yet closely linked through a web of interdependencies. Humans are only one part of this ecological system and depend on it for air, water and food."},{"id":"why-conserve-forests-and-wildlife","kind":"concept-question","front":"Why do we need to conserve forests and wildlife?","back":"Conservation preserves ecological diversity and our life-support systems of water, air and soil. It also keeps the genetic diversity of plants and animals for better growth and breeding. Agriculture still relies on traditional crop varieties, and fisheries depend on aquatic biodiversity."},{"id":"indian-wildlife-protection-act-1972","kind":"concept-question","front":"What did the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972 do to protect endangered species?","back":"It published an all-India list of protected species and aimed to save the remaining populations of endangered species by banning hunting, giving their habitats legal protection and restricting trade in wildlife. National parks and wildlife sanctuaries were set up after it."},{"id":"threats-to-tiger-population","kind":"concept-question","front":"What were the major threats that pushed India's tigers towards extinction?","back":"Poaching for trade, shrinking habitat, depletion of prey species and a growing human population. The trade in tiger skins and the use of tiger bones in traditional Asian medicine were especially damaging. Numbers had fallen from an estimated 55,000 to 1,827 by 1973."},{"id":"why-project-tiger-was-significant","kind":"concept-question","front":"Why was Project Tiger (1973) seen as more than an effort to save one species?","back":"Tiger conservation also protects large biotypes (whole habitats) that the tiger depends on. India and Nepal hold about two-thirds of the world's surviving tigers, which made them prime targets for poachers and gave India a key role in saving the species."},{"id":"tiger-reserves-of-india-and-states","kind":"diagram-label","front":"Name the state for each tiger reserve: Corbett, Sunderbans, Bandhavgarh, Sariska, Manas, Periyar.","back":"Corbett National Park is in Uttarakhand, Sunderbans in West Bengal, Bandhavgarh in Madhya Pradesh, Sariska in Rajasthan, Manas in Assam, and Periyar in Kerala."},{"id":"shift-in-conservation-focus-to-biodiversity","kind":"concept-question","front":"How has the focus of conservation projects in India changed over time?","back":"Projects moved from protecting a few chosen animals to protecting biodiversity as a whole. Under Wildlife Act notifications in 1980 and 1986, hundreds of butterflies, moths and beetles and one dragonfly were protected, and in 1991 plants were added for the first time, starting with six species."},{"id":"reserved-forests","kind":"term-definition","front":"Reserved forests","back":"Forests regarded as the most valuable for conserving forest and wildlife resources. More than half of India's forest land has been declared reserved forest."},{"id":"protected-forests","kind":"term-definition","front":"Protected forests","back":"Forest land that the Forest Department protects from any further depletion. About one-third of India's total forest area is protected forest."},{"id":"unclassed-forests","kind":"term-definition","front":"Unclassed forests","back":"Other forests and wastelands belonging to the government, private individuals or communities. All north-eastern states and parts of Gujarat have a very high share of their forests as unclassed forests managed by local communities."},{"id":"permanent-forest-estates","kind":"term-definition","front":"Permanent forest estates","back":"The name for reserved and protected forests taken together, which are kept both for producing timber and other forest produce and for protection. Madhya Pradesh leads India in permanent forest area, which makes up three-quarters of its forests."},{"id":"how-communities-conserve-forests-and-wildlife","kind":"concept-question","front":"Give examples of local communities conserving forests and wildlife in India.","back":"Villagers near Sariska fought mining by citing the Wildlife Protection Act. Five villages in Alwar declared 1,200 hectares as the Bhairodev Dakav 'Sonchuri' with their own no-hunting rules. The Chipko movement resisted deforestation and showed that community afforestation with native species works."},{"id":"beej-bachao-andolan-and-navdanya","kind":"term-definition","front":"Beej Bachao Andolan and Navdanya","back":"Farmer and citizen groups, the first based in Tehri, that have shown that diversified crops can be grown at adequate levels without synthetic chemicals, and that this is economically viable."},{"id":"joint-forest-management","kind":"term-definition","front":"Joint Forest Management (JFM)","back":"A programme, formal since Odisha's first resolution in 1988, in which village institutions protect degraded forest land managed by the forest department. In return, members get non-timber forest produce and a share of the timber harvested through successful protection."},{"id":"sacred-groves-and-nature-worship","kind":"concept-question","front":"How have sacred groves and nature worship helped conserve forests?","back":"Tribal belief that all of nature must be protected has kept some forest patches untouched, and interfering with these 'forests of gods and goddesses' is banned. Communities also revere particular trees: Mundas and Santhals worship mahua and kadamba, and the Bishnois protect blackbuck, nilgai and peacocks."}]}