{"slug":"cbse-class-10-social-science-resources-and-development","title":"Resources and Development","description":"Resources, planning and conservation, land use and degradation, India's soil types and soil conservation.","board":"CBSE","grade":"Class 10","subject":"Social Science","chapter":"Resources and Development","url":"https://www.flipnlearn.app/deck/cbse-class-10-social-science-resources-and-development","studyUrl":"https://www.flipnlearn.app/deck/cbse-class-10-social-science-resources-and-development/study","cards":[{"id":"resource","kind":"term-definition","front":"Resource","back":"Anything in our environment that can be used to satisfy a need, provided it is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable. Something that fails any of these three tests is not yet a resource."},{"id":"why-resources-are-not-free-gifts-of-nature","kind":"concept-question","front":"Why are resources not simply 'free gifts of nature'?","back":"Materials become resources only through human activity. People use technology and institutions to transform what exists in nature into something usable, so resources are a function of human effort, and humans themselves are an essential part of them."},{"id":"problems-caused-by-indiscriminate-use-of-resources","kind":"concept-question","front":"What problems has the indiscriminate use of resources caused?","back":"Depletion of resources to satisfy the greed of a few; concentration of resources in few hands, splitting society into haves and have-nots; and global ecological crises such as global warming, ozone depletion, pollution and land degradation."},{"id":"sustainable-development","kind":"term-definition","front":"Sustainable development","back":"Development that does not damage the environment, and in which meeting present needs does not compromise the ability of future generations to meet theirs."},{"id":"rio-de-janeiro-earth-summit-1992","kind":"term-definition","front":"Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit (1992)","back":"The first International Earth Summit, held in Brazil in June 1992, where over 100 heads of state addressed environmental protection and socio-economic development. Leaders signed declarations on climate change and biological diversity, endorsed the Forest Principles and adopted Agenda 21."},{"id":"agenda-21","kind":"term-definition","front":"Agenda 21","back":"A declaration signed at the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, aimed at global sustainable development by fighting environmental damage, poverty and disease through cooperation. It expects every local government to draw up its own local Agenda 21."},{"id":"how-is-resource-planning-done-in-india","kind":"concept-question","front":"What steps does resource planning in India involve?","back":"First, identifying and making an inventory of resources region by region through surveys, mapping and measurement. Second, building a planning structure with suitable technology, skills and institutions. Third, matching resource development plans with overall national development plans."},{"id":"why-planning-is-needed-for-judicious-use-of-resources","kind":"concept-question","front":"Why is resource planning especially important in a country like India?","back":"Resources are unevenly spread: some regions are rich in one resource but short of another. Jharkhand has minerals, Arunachal Pradesh has water but little infrastructure, and Rajasthan has solar and wind energy but little water. Balanced planning at every level is needed to use them judiciously."},{"id":"gandhi-enough-for-need-not-greed","kind":"concept-question","front":"Why did Gandhiji say there is enough for everybody's need but not for anybody's greed?","back":"He blamed greedy, selfish individuals and the exploitative nature of modern technology for resource depletion across the world. He opposed mass production and wanted production by the masses, so that resources would meet everyone's needs instead of feeding a few people's greed."},{"id":"brundtland-commission-report-1987","kind":"term-definition","front":"Brundtland Commission Report (1987)","back":"The report that introduced the concept of sustainable development and promoted it as a way to conserve resources. It was later published as the book 'Our Common Future'."},{"id":"current-fallow-vs-other-than-current-fallow","kind":"term-definition","front":"Current fallow vs other than current fallow land","back":"Current fallow land is left uncultivated for one agricultural year or less. Other than current fallow land has been left uncultivated for the past one to five agricultural years. Land left uncultivated for more than five years counts as culturable waste land."},{"id":"net-sown-area-vs-gross-cropped-area","kind":"term-definition","front":"Net sown area vs gross cropped area","back":"Net sown area is the physical extent of land on which crops are sown and harvested. Gross cropped area is the net sown area plus any area sown more than once in the same agricultural year."},{"id":"why-forest-area-target-is-33-percent","kind":"concept-question","front":"Why is India's forest area considered too low, and what is the target?","back":"The National Forest Policy (1952) set 33 per cent of the geographical area as the desired forest cover, considered essential for ecological balance. India's actual forest area is far below this, even though millions of people living on forest fringes depend on forests for their livelihood."},{"id":"human-causes-of-land-degradation-in-india","kind":"concept-question","front":"Which human activities cause land degradation in different parts of India?","back":"Mining-led deforestation in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha; overgrazing in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra; and over-irrigation in Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh, which causes waterlogging and raises soil salinity and alkalinity."},{"id":"measures-to-solve-land-degradation","kind":"concept-question","front":"How can the problem of land degradation be reduced?","back":"Through afforestation and proper management of grazing. In arid areas, plant shelter belts and stabilise sand dunes with thorny bushes. In industrial and suburban areas, manage waste lands, control mining, and treat industrial effluents and wastes before discharging them."},{"id":"soil-profile-layer-below-topsoil","kind":"diagram-label","front":"In a soil profile, what lies between the topsoil and the unweathered parent bedrock?","back":"The subsoil, made of weathered rock, sand, silt and clay, lies directly below the topsoil. Beneath it is the substratum of weathered parent rock material, which rests on the unweathered bedrock."},{"id":"alluvial-soil-bangar-and-khadar","kind":"term-definition","front":"Bangar and khadar (alluvial soils)","back":"The two age classes of alluvial soil. Bangar is old alluvium with more kankar nodules. Khadar is new alluvium with finer particles, and it is more fertile than bangar."},{"id":"why-alluvial-regions-are-densely-populated","kind":"concept-question","front":"Why are regions with alluvial soil intensively cultivated and densely populated?","back":"Alluvial soil, spread across the northern plains by the Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra systems, is very fertile. It has enough potash, phosphoric acid and lime for sugarcane, paddy, wheat, cereals and pulses, so these regions support intensive farming and large populations."},{"id":"why-black-soil-suits-cotton","kind":"concept-question","front":"Which features make black (regur) soil suitable for cotton?","back":"Its fine clayey material holds moisture well. It is rich in calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime, and it develops deep cracks in hot weather that aerate it. It is poor in phosphoric content and becomes sticky when wet."},{"id":"why-red-soil-is-red-or-yellow","kind":"concept-question","front":"Why is red soil reddish in some places and yellow in others?","back":"Red soil develops on crystalline igneous rocks in low-rainfall parts of the Deccan plateau. Iron diffusing through crystalline and metamorphic rocks gives it a reddish colour. It looks yellow where it occurs in a hydrated form."},{"id":"laterite-soil","kind":"term-definition","front":"Laterite soil","back":"From the Latin 'later', meaning brick. It forms in tropical and subtropical climates with alternate wet and dry seasons, through intense leaching by heavy rain. It is acidic, generally poor in nutrients and prone to erosion, but with conservation it can grow tea, coffee and cashew."},{"id":"arid-soil","kind":"term-definition","front":"Arid soil","back":"Red to brown, sandy and saline soil of dry regions. Rapid evaporation leaves it short of humus and moisture, and a kankar layer in its lower horizons blocks water infiltration. It becomes cultivable with irrigation, as in western Rajasthan."},{"id":"forest-soils","kind":"term-definition","front":"Forest soils","back":"Soils of hilly and mountainous areas with enough rain forest. They are loamy and silty on valley sides and coarse on upper slopes. In the snow-covered Himalayas they are acidic and low in humus, but on river terraces and alluvial fans they are fertile."},{"id":"gully-erosion-vs-sheet-erosion","kind":"term-definition","front":"Gully erosion vs sheet erosion","back":"In gully erosion, running water cuts deep channels through clayey soil and makes the land unfit to cultivate (bad land, called ravines in the Chambal basin). In sheet erosion, water flows as a sheet over a large slope and washes the topsoil away."},{"id":"soil-conservation-methods","kind":"concept-question","front":"How do contour ploughing, terracing, strip cropping and shelter belts check soil erosion?","back":"Contour ploughing slows water running down slopes. Terraces cut into slopes restrict erosion, as in the western and central Himalayas. Strip cropping leaves grass strips between crops to break the wind. Shelter belts of trees have stabilised sand dunes in western India."}]}